Electrostatic Ignition Hazards Associated with Flammable Substances in the Form of Gases , Vapors, Mists and Dusts

The paper deals with the assessment of the electrostatic ignition hazards when flammable gases, liquids or powders are handled and processed in industry. It reviews the present state of knowledge in this field based on information available from literature, codes of practice and guidelines. In a short introduction the prerequisites for the ignition of a flammable atmosphere are described. The steps from charge separation to ignition of flammable atmospheres by discharges are outlined and the different types and incendivities of electrostatic discharges occurring in practice are discussed. Associated with the different flammable substances such as gases, liquids and powders and with the typical operations performed with these substances in industry, the electrostatic ignition hazards are reviewed. In addition the electrostatic hazards related to the different types of FIBCs are highlighted. .